Skin Self-Examination in Patients at High Risk for Melanoma: A Pilot Study
Purpose/Objectives: To compare the effect of providing high-risk patients with standard brochures versus personalized photo books as part of a comprehensive nursing intervention on knowledge, awareness, and confidence with skin self-examination (SSE) performance, as well as compliance in performing SSE.
Design: Randomized intervention design.
Setting: The Lawrence E. Rockefeller Ambulatory Outpatient Cancer Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, NY.
Sample: 100 patients at high risk for melanoma.
Methods: Patients completed a baseline questionnaire before their initial photographs were taken and at the end of a nurse-teaching intervention at the clinic.
Main Research Variables: Skin cancer knowledge, awareness, and self-confidence in SSE.
Findings: A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed to examine differences within and among groups in relation to knowledge, awareness, and confidence. The group-time interaction was not significant. In group A (nursing intervention with photo book), 10% of the patients at baseline reported performing SSE three or more times during the prior four months. Mean knowledge scores, awareness, and confidence scores all increased. In group B (nurse-teaching intervention using brochures only, without a photo book), 20% reported practicing SSE three or more times during the prior four months. Mean knowledge, awareness, and confidence scores increased.
Conclusions: The main difficulty that patients experience with self-detection of melanoma is their limited recall of skin appearance; therefore, photographic records may be the most effective aid for detecting changes at longer intervals. The use of a photo book may help to diminish that difficulty.
Implications for Nursing: This study supports the fact that education can increase knowledge, awareness, and confidence regarding SSE, which is consistent with the findings of other investigators. Therefore, nurses should incorporate teaching patients how to perform SSE into their practice and recognize that personal involvement in health care has become a dominant theme in the cancer education literature in recent years. With this new emphasis, important self-care activities, such as testicular self-examination, breast self-examination, and now SSE, are being stressed because early detection has shown favorable effects in improving the prognosis of cancer.
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