Background: Advancements in tumor profiling have identified multiple molecular biomarkers that influence tumor growth and behavior. Molecular biomarkers provide clinical prognostic and predictive information, which guides treatment decisions and forms the backbone of precision oncology. Objectives...

Precision medicine has revolutionized multiple facets of care across the cancer trajectory, from prevention through treatment. Sometimes referred to as personalized medicine, precision medicine uses information contained in an individual’s genes, as well as biomarkers and genetic alterations...

Standard therapies for treating hormone-sensitive metastatic breast cancer (BC) include the blockage of estrogen pathways by using selective estrogen modulator receptors or selective estrogen receptor downregulators and by using aromatase inhibitors to block estrogen production. The addition of...

Background: By using the body’s own protective system to fight cancer, immunotherapy is not only effective but also is associated with fewer side effects than chemotherapy. Objectives: This article provides an overview of four types of immunotherapy (monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen...